ESTIMATION ERROR AND PORTFOLIO OPTIMIZATION: A RESAMPLING SOLUTION

Richard Michaud and Robert Michaud

Markowitz (1959) mean–variance (MV) portfolio optimization has been the practical standard for asset allocation and equity portfolio management for almost 50 years. However, it is known to be overly sensitive to estimation error in risk-return estimates and have poor out-of-sample performance characteristics. The Resampled Efficiency™ (RE) techniques presented in Michaud (1998) introduce Monte Carlo methods to properly represent investment information uncertainty in computing MV portfolio optimality and in defining trading and monitoring rules. This paper reviews and updates the literature on estimation error and RE portfolio optimization and rebalancing. We resolve several open issues and misunderstandings that have emerged since Michaud (1998). In particular, we show RE optimization to be a Bayesian-based generalization and enhancement of Markowitz’s solution.